After a rain, infiltration can create a condition where the soil is completely full of water. Infiltration varies both spatially and temporally due to a number of environmental factors. Infiltration is the movement of water from precipitation into the soil layer. Rain that falls through the vegetation, without being intercepted, is called through fall. Both of the processes described above can increase the concentration of the water added to the soil at the base of the stem and around the edge of the plant’s canopy. This phenomenon is called stem flow.Īnother portion of the precipitation may flow along the edge of the plant canopy to cause canopy drip. A portion of the intercepted water can travel from the leaves to the branches and then flow down to the ground via the plant’s stem. Instead, it evaporates from the vegetation surface directly back to the atmosphere. Some of the water that is intercepted never makes it to the ground surface. How much is intercepted is a function of the branching structure and leaf density of the vegetation. Vegetation in general, changes this distribution because of the fact that it intercepts some the falling rain. The distribution of precipitation falling on the ground surface can be modified by the presence of vegetation. By determining both actual evapotranspiration and potential evapotranspiration a farmer can calculate the irrigation water needs of their crops. Irrigation can supply crops with supplemental water. If crops experience drought, yields are reduced. The growth of crops is a function of water supply. The wind speed immediately above the surface andĪgricultural scientists sometimes refer to two types of evapotranspiration: The humidity gradient away from the evaporating surface In general, the following four factors control the amount of water entering the atmosphere via these two processes: Scientists use the term evapotranspiration to describe both processes. Transpiration is the movement of water through a plant to the atmosphere. Evaporation is movement of free water to the atmosphere as a gas. Evaporation and transpiration are the two processes that move water from the Earth’s surface to its atmosphere. Acid precipitation, however, can have a pH as low as 2.3. If the deposit is wet it can also be called acid precipitation. Scientists generally call this process acid deposition. In certain locations on the Earth, acid pollutants from the atmosphere are being deposited in dry and wet forms to the Earth’s surface. It is also controlled by the amount of water vapour held in the air, which is a function of air temperature. The distribution of precipitation on the Earth’s surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation. Classification of fog types is accomplished by the identification of the mechanism that caused the air to become saturated. Fog represents the saturation of air near the ground surface. A number of different precipitation types have been classified by meteorologists including rain, freezing rain, snow, ice pellets, snow pellets, and hail. Precipitation can be defined as any aqueous deposit, in liquid or solid form, that develops in a saturated atmospheric environment and generally falls from clouds. Four processes that can cause atmospheric cooling are orographic uplift convectional uplift air mass convergence and radiative energy loss. The formation of ice crystals and water droplets occurs when the atmosphere is cooled to a temperature ‘that causes condensation or deposition. If liquid, and solid forms of water can overcome atmospheric updrafts they can fall to the Earth’s surface as precipitation. Water vapour in the atmosphere is commonly referred, to as humidity. Water is stored in the atmosphere in all three states of matter. ![]() It moves from one reservoir to another by processes like evaporation condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration, and groundwater flow.
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